Pte. James Arthur Hayne - A Married Soldier's Story

Date of Birth: August 13, 1891*

Place of Birth: Country Harbour, Guysborough County   

Mother's Name: Viola (McNeil) Hayne

Father's Name: William Hayne

Date & Location of Enlistment: March 24, 1916 - New Westminster, BC

Regimental Number: 790031

Rank: Private

Force: Canadian Expeditionary Force

Regiments: 131st (Westminster Fusiliers of Canada); 30th Reserve Battalion; 47th (British Columbia) Battalion

Location of service: Canada, England, & France

Occupation at Enlistment: Fisherman

Marital Status at Enlistment: Married

Next of Kin: Mrs. Lilly Alice Hayne (wife)

*: 1901 census lists James Arthur Hayne's birthday as August 18, 1892.

*****

While the majority of men who enlisted for service in the Canadian Expeditionary Force were single, a considerable number were married.  While more common among officers, married men were also found among the regular ranks.  James Arthur Hayne's story provides one example.  The third of of seven children - four boys and three girls - raised by William and Viola McNeil) Haynes, Arthur, as he was known. was born in Country Harbour, Guysborough County on August 13, 1891.  His youngest sibling, William, also served in the Royal Canadian Navy during the war.

By 1911, Arthur's mother Viola mother had passed away, leaving his father William to care for the family's three youngest children.  Arthur had also moved to Red Deer, Alberta, finding work there as a miner.  He eventually moved on to British Columbia, where he found employment in a fishing camp.  Here, he met Lilly Alice Fisk, sister of his employer.  A native of Norwich, England, Lilly had emigrated to Canada to work as a cook in her brother's camp.  On September 12, 1914, Arthur and Lilly were married and took up residence in Steveston, a small community south of Vancouver.  Within a year, their first child - Gordon - was born, followed shortly afterward by a daughter, Mary Frances.

James Arthur Hayne (c. 1915)

Like many young men of his generation, Arthur took an active interest in the military activity that spread across Canada after the outbreak of war in Europe.  He enlisted in the 104th Regiment (Westminster Fusiliers of Canada), founded in 1910 as part of Canada's Primary Reserve.  With the outbreak of war, the 104th became a training unit for Canadian Expeditionary Force battalions, in addition to its traditional role as a home defence unit. 

During the war, the 104th recruited and trained over 6500 men from the New Westminster - Fraser Valley area, supplying manpower to two British Columbia regiments.  The 47th Battalion was authorized on November 7, 1914 and was formed in February 1915, its initial personnel consisting of 12 officers and 608 "other ranks" recruited from the 104th.  A second regiment - the 131st Battalion - was authorized on December 22, 1915 and immediately launched a recruitment campaign.  On March 24, 1916, Arthur Hayne made the decision to enlist for overseas service, joining the newly created battalion.  At the time, he stood 5' 6 1/2", with dark complexion, grey eyes and dark brown hair.  The 25-year-old father of two young children now prepared to march off to war.

Arthur spent the next few months in British Columbia, where the regiment trained in preparation for its transfer overseas.  In late October, the soldiers of the 131st travelled by train across Canada, embarking at Halifax aboard the S. S. Caronia on November 1.  Arriving in England on November 11, the 131st was disbanded two days later, its members to be dispersed among existing units.  Arthur and the majority of his comrades were absorbed by the 30th Reserve Battalion and remained in England awaiting transfer to regiments in the field.  On November 27, Pte. James Arthur Hayne was officially assigned to the 47th Battalion, the unit with which he would serve for the duration of his war experience.

*****

Recruited in British Columbia during the winter of 1914-15, the "Fighting 47th" became part of the 10th Brigade, 4th Division of the Canadian Corps and first saw action in France in August 1916.  A total of 899 members were killed and  1718 wounded during its service at the front.

Cap Badge of the 47th Battalion

Pte. James Arthur Hayne arrived in France on November 28, 1916, one day after his transfer to the 47th Battalion, and spent the next two weeks at the Canadian Base Depot, Le Havre.  During this time, he completed his "last will and testament", bequeathing his entire estate to his wife, Lilly Alice Hayne, Steveston, BC. On December 11, Arthur left to join the unit in the field, reaching the 47th at Bruay, France on December 13.   Six days later - December 19, 1916 - Arthur was one of 266 new recruits who accompanied the battalion into the front lines at Souchez, near the French city of Lens.

It wasn't long before Arthur and his inexperienced companions received their first taste of "life" at the front.  The battalion war diary reported "considerable sniping [but] little shelling" the day after their arrival in the trenches.  The situation remained quiet for several days, although four men were wounded on December 22.  The 47th was relieved of front line duty during the afternoon and evening of December 25, 1916, returning to the front trenches one week later, on New Year's Eve.  By this time, the weather had become cold and damp, and the men were subjected to frequent fire from German trench mortars.

Winter at the front was a comparatively quiet time, as far as military activity was concerned.  Aside from the occasional trench raid and exchanges of sniper and artillery fire, the men focused primarily on the task of surviving the cold, wet conditions.  Throughout the months of January and February 1917, the 47th fell into the routine of front line duty, followed by a week of rest in relief positions close to the front.  The weather remained cold - for instance, the war diary reported a temperature of 5 to 10 degrees Fahrenheit (-15 to -12 Celsius) on February 4.  The frozen ground eliminated the muddy conditions but made trench repair difficult, the war diary commenting that "sand bags can only be filled from inside the dugouts and mines".

Arthur and the men of the 47th endured frequent artillery fire at times.  On February 10, for instance,  "the enemy threw over quite a number of 'Rum Jars' [,] 'Minnies' and 'Coal Boxes' [but there were] no casualties."  Three days later, a small group participated in a successful night raid on the German trenches, returning with 53 prisoners.  The raiding party was honoured the following day with an inspection by none other than Field Marshall Sir Douglas Haig, Commander-in-Chief of British forces.

By mid-February, temperatures slowly began to rise, prompting the battalion to take 450 "thigh-high gumboots" with them as they returned to front line duty.  The war diary reported that "the trenches are very muddy and likely to become worse.  Not so much 'slipping in' however, as might have been expected."  While the gradual improvement in the weather made service at the front more bearable, it also brought an end to the winter lull in fighting.

After three months in rotation at the front, Arthur and the men of the 47th moved to billets at Chateau de la Haie on March 7 for rest and training.  While the men endured an 8-mile and 13-mile march during their week-long "break", they were also treated to baths, a boxing tournament in the YMCA hut, and even a visit from Canadian Prime Minister, Sir Robert Borden.  Arthur and the new recruits also had the opportunity to test their marksmanship on the firing range, although the battalion's officers were not impressed with the results.  The war diary commented that "[the] new drafts show need of preliminary musketry instruction".

On March 14, Arthur and the battalion returned to the front lines, where a select group was once again chosen to participate in a night raid early in the morning hours of March 16.  This time, the raiding party encountered much stiffer resistance than the February action, as 8 men were killed, 31 wounded and 9 missing during the mission.  The following day, the war diary reported that "[a] shell landed in [the trench] at [the] door of B. H. Q. [battalion headquarters] - destroyed [the] cook House [and] hitting our famous chef… in [the] right thigh".  Luckily, the men were relieved of front line duty two days later without further significant incidents.

The 47th spent the following week in billets, the men participating in work parties burying communication cables.  Enemy aircraft and observation balloons were active, resulting in considerable artillery shelling of front line and support positions.  When Arthur and the battalion returned to the front line trenches on March 25, the bombardment intensified as the Germans fired trench mortars, rifle grenades and artillery shells into their positions.  The March 29 war diary entry reported "much destruction in [the] front line trenches with TM's [trench mortars], HE and 27 minutes [of] enfilading from [the] direction of LEVIN."  The 47th lost 4 men and another 13 were wounded on that day alone.

On the night of March 31, 100 soldiers from the 47th joined an identical number from the 50th in another night raid on German trenches.  Arthur was amongst the soldiers chosen to take part in this daring action.  The officer in charge reported that "no man's land was so ploughed up and soddened by rain that the going was very heavy, and the hard struggle to cross caused many men to loose [sic] their sense of direction[;] constant supervision was necessary to keep the men right."

As the men approached the German positions, they noted that a large shell crater opposite the 47th's position was filled to the brim with water.  The front trench was badly crumbled and unoccupied, with no sign of recent activity.  German soldiers were encountered to the right, two prisoners being taken and several others killed.  Moving further into German lines, the raiding party observed that the support trenches were not flooded but were "badly battered".  At this point, the party encountered stiff resistance from German soldiers, several of whom were killed.

The raiding party set several charges, destroying communication trenches where they remained intact.  The  officer in command reported that the men were "subject to a heavy fire from artillery of all calibres" throughout the raid.  After 28 minutes in the German trenches, the raiding party withdrew and took stock of its losses.  One officer and six "other ranks" were killed in the action, 8 "other ranks" were missing, and 43 "other ranks" wounded. 

Pte. James Arthur Hayne was amongst the latter, having suffered a gun shot wound to the cheek.  He was immediately admitted to the # 12 Canadian Field Ambulance station for treatment.  Luckily, the injury was not serious and Arthur was cleared to return to the 47th on April 4.  By that time, the battalion had been relieved of front line duty and was training at Coupigny.

On April 8, the 47th reported its battalion strength at 638 "all ranks" as it prepared for its latest assignment, moving  from Coupigny to Brio de Berthonvale and assuming a reserve position as part of the 11th Canadian Infantry Brigade.  The Canadian Corps was preparing for one of its most significant military endeavours - the attack on German positions at Vimy Ridge.  While the battalion was not scheduled to take part in the initial assault, it would be called into action in the days and hours that followed.

At 5:30 am Monday, April 9, an "intense artillery barrage open[ed] on enemy lines at Vimy Ridge - followed by an infantry attack".  Two of the battalion's companies took up positions in the support lines, with a third ordered to the front lines.  The following day, the remainder of the battalion's soldiers joined two companies of the 85th (Nova Scotia Highlanders) in support of the advancing infantry.  As the attack progressed, soldiers of the 47th assumed positions along the newly captured German front lines on Vimy Ridge.  A group of soldiers from the battalion was selected to participate in an attack on "the Pimple", the last area of high ground on the Ridge held by German troops. 

As the morning of April 12 dawned, heavy snow fell along the ridge.  "C" Company of the 47th joined soldiers from the 44th and 50th battalions in a successful assault on "the Pimple" in a driving blizzard.  Fortunately, the weather improved the following day.  As the fresh snow melted, the 47th moved into trenches abandoned by German soldiers.  The battalion's officers described the "state of ground on the ridge [as] very bad".  Enemy balloons and Allied planes were active and there was intermittent artillery shelling throughout the day.  In the afternoon and evening, the 47th was relieved of front line duty.

Map displaying position occupied by 47th Battalion at Vimy Ridge.

Arthur and his fellow soldiers retired to St. Lawrence camp, where conditions were described as a "dreadful state of mud".  A schedule of rest, lectures, recreation, work parties and salvaging occupied the next two weeks.  During the afternoon and evening of April 30, the 47th relieved the 44th Battalion in the front lines and settled in for what would hopefully be an uneventful week.

The war diary entry for May 1described conditions as "normal", with enemy artillery firing into a wooded area to the left rear of the battalion's position.  The 47th's machine guns were "very active", while enemy activity was "below normal". Work parties were active in both the front and support trenches.  While the situation was "fairly quiet throughout the day", the diary recorded one casualty: "790031 killed in action".

The 47th Battalion's war diary offers no insight into the circumstances of Pte. James Arthur Hayne's death.  Perhaps he was a victim of the intermittent gun fire exchanged along the front lines.  He may have been shot by a German sniper.  However, the war diary entry for May 2 does record that the "Adjutant conducted burial services of 628227 Lt. Cpl. Thelwall and 790031 Pte. Haynes [sic] just before dawn."  Today, Pte. James Arthur Hayne's grave is part of La Chaudiere Military Cemetery, Pas de Calais, France. 

Arthur left behind a widow and two small children.  During his service in France, he had assigned $ 20 of his monthly pay to his wife Lilly, who also received a monthly $ 20 separation allowance.  Having lost their main source of support, the family's future was uncertain.  While Lilly was entitled to receive a pension, it would be two months before it was approved.  In the meantime, the Canadian government continued to send Arthur's monthly assigned pay to his widow.

Lilly Alice Hayne with children Gordon and Mary Frances, 1917.

Lilly and her two children relocated to Welwyn St., Vancouver after Arthur's death.  This tragedy was not the final blow suffered by the Hayne family.  The medal card included in Arthur's regimental record notes: "Widow died subsequently".  In 1919, Lilly Alice Hayne, sole caregiver of Arthur's two young children, died of influenza - likely the Spanish flu epidemic carried around the world by soldiers returning from the war in Europe.  Gordon and Mary Frances now found themselves orphaned.  The children lived briefly with the Warman family before being taken in by Mr. and Mrs. Reginald B. Barber, who operated a grocery store at 3580 Commercial Road, Cedar Cottages, Vancouver and resided at 1642 Vanness St., Vancouver.

In 1921, the Memorial Plaque and Scroll and Memorial Cross issued to surviving family members of soldiers killed in action were sent to Arthur's oldest child and only son, Master Gordon Hayne, ℅ Mrs. Barker, 3580 Commercial Road, Cedar Cottage, BC in 1921.  The British War Medal and Victory Medal to which Pte. Hayne was entitled were also forwarded to Gordon on June 27, 1922.  That same year, the city of Richmond erected a cenotaph in memory of the city's men who lost their lives during the "Great War".  On this solemn occasion, Gordon and Mary Frances Hayne were chosen to unveil the monument.  In November 1997, Mary Frances Hayne Emery was present at the city's annual Remembrance Day ceremonies, accompanied by her daughter Edith Marcoux, to mark the 75th anniversary of the cenotaph's unveiling.  These events are testimony to the fact that the memory of Arthur's service and sacrifice has fittingly endured over the many years since his tragic death.

*****

Sources:

Regimental documents of Pte. James Arthur Hayne, No. 790031.  Library and Archives Canada.  RG 150, Accession 1992-93/166, Box 4192 - 31.  Available online.

The Royal Westminster Regiment.  National Defence Canada.  Available online.

War Diaries of the First World War: 47th Canadian Infantry Battalion.  Library and Archives Canada. RG9 , Militia and Defence , Series III-D-3 , Volume 4940 , Reel T-10746-10747
File : 438.  Available online. 

We Will Remember Them: Private James Arthur Hayne.  City of Richmond, British Columbia, Canada.  Available online.

Canadian Expeditionary Force Honours & Awards

Canadian soldiers served under British command throughout World War I.  As a result, awards acknowledging acts of courage on the battlefield were issued under the authority of the British government.  This post describes the major honours bestowed upon Canadian soldiers for distinguished service on the battlefield.

Victoria Cross:

The most famous of British military awards, the Victoria Cross was initiated by Royal Warrant on January 29, 1856 in recognition of the bravery displayed by British soldiers during the Crimean War.  Unlike several other awards, any soldier in uniform, regardless of rank, is eligible to receive the Victoria Cross, should his actions meet the criteria.  The VC is presented in recognition of "conspicuous bravery or some daring or pre-eminent act of valour or self-sacrifice in the presence of the enemy", and is the highest award for bravery that can be bestowed on a Canadian soldier. 

Victoria Cross

Distinguished Service Order:

Established by royal warrant on November 9, 1886, the DSO is a military order for officers only, usually above the rank of Lieutenant-Colonel.  On occasion, it is awarded to lower ranks in recognition of actions displaying a high degree of gallantry just short of meriting a Victoria Cross.  Initially created as a reward for "individual instances of meritorious or distinguished service in war", the DSO is usually awarded for "service under fire or conditions equivalent to service in actual combat with the enemy".  Between 1914 and 1916, it was awarded to individuals not serving in combat.  On January 1, 1917, the British government issued a directive stating that the DSO was to be awarded only to soldiers serving under fire.  Bars may be awarded for subsequent acts that would have merited the award in the first place.

Distinguished Service Order Medal

Military Cross:

The Military Cross was established on December 28, 1915, one of two awards for bravery created during the First World War.   The medal is presented to officers of the rank of Captain or below, or Warrant Officers, in recognition of "distinguished and meritorious services in battle".  Its terms were revised in 1920, stating its purpose as recognizing "gallant and distinguished services in action".  A total of 3727 Canadians have received this medal since its inception, with an additional 324 first bars and 78 second bars awarded for subsequent acts meeting its criteria.

Military Cross

  
Distinguished Conduct Medal:

Among the oldest of British military awards, the Distinguished Conduct Medal was initiated on December 4, 1854, during the Crimean War.  The medal can be awarded to Warrant Officers, non-commissioned officers and men serving in any of the Monarch's military forces, in recognition of "distinguished conduct in the field".  The DCM is considered the second-highest award for gallantry in action (after the Victoria Cross) for all army ranks below commissioned officers.  A bar may be awarded for "subsequent acts of distinguished conduct in the field". First presented to a Canadian on April 19, 1901for actions during the Boer War, it has been awarded to 2132 Canadian army and air force personnel, with an additional 38 first bars and 1 second bar for subsequent acts warranting such recognition.

Distinguished Conduct Medal

Meritorious Service Medal:

First issued in 1902, the Meritorious Service Medal is presented in recognition of lengthy military service or a specific act of merit.  Warrant Officers and senior non-commissioned officers with a minimum of 21 years of service receive the MSM upon discharge.  From 1916 onward, the medal was also awarded for "acts of gallantry or meritorious conduct when not in the fact of the enemy".  A bar may be awarded in recognition of subsequent acts of meritorious service.

Meritorious Service Medal
Image courtesy of David & Pauline Lyell's Medal Search 
website

Military Medal:

The Military Medal was instituted on March 25, 1916, the second award of significance created during the First World War.  Presented to Warrant Officers, non-commissioned officers and men in recognition of "individual or associated acts of bravery on the recommendation of a Commander-in-Chief in the field", it became the most commonly issued "bravery" medal of the war.  The use of the term "associated" meant that the medal could be awarded to a group of soldiers in recognition of action undertaken by a small unit.  A bar may be awarded for "subsequent acts of bravery and devotion under fire".

A total of 13,654 Canadians have received the Military Medal since its inception, with an additional 848 first bars and 38 second bars issued in recognition of subsequent acts of bravery.  The recipient's regimental number, rank, initials, surname and unit are engraved around the medal's edge.

Military Medal

Mentioned in Dispatches:

A relatively minor award in comparison to the above medals, Mentioned in Dispatches is awarded "for gallantry or otherwise commendable service" during combat.  No medal is issued, making the receipt of MID relatively low in order of precedence.  After the First World War, an oak leaf was attached to the Victory Medal of soldiers who were mentioned in dispatches, acknowledging receipt of the award.

*****

A total of 70 Canadians received the Victoria Cross during the First World War.  Four recipients had connections to Nova Scotia: James Robertson, born and raised in Albion Mines (Stellarton), Pictou County;  John Chipman Kerr, a native of Fox River, Cumberland County;  Philip Bent, born in Halifax; and John Crooks, a native of Newfoundland whose family moved to Glace Bay when he was 2 years old.

Regiments serving overseas during the FIrst World War proudly preserved a record of the awards received by their members.  As the 85th Battalion (Nova Scotia Highlanders) was the only fully Nova Scotian regiment to see combat as a unit, their record provides a sense of the proportion in which the above awards  were distributed:

Distinguished Service Order: 4
Bar to Distinguished Service Order: 1

Military Cross: 34
Bar to Military Cross: 3

Distinguished Conduct Medal: 15

Meritorious Service Medal: 4

Military Medal: 166
Mar to Military Medal: 12

Mentioned in Despatches twice: 4
Mentioned in Despatches - Officers : 9
Mentioned in Despatches - Warrant Officers: 1

*****

Sources:

Canadian Military Decorations and Medals - Orders and Decorations.  Veterans Affairs Canada.

Canadian Orders, Awards, Decorations and Medals.  Canadian Great War Project.

Hayes, Lt. Col. Joseph.  The 85th in France and Flanders.  Halifax: Royal Print & Litho Ltd., 1920.  Available online.

Meritorious Service Medal.  First World War.com - Encyclopedia.

Unless otherwise stated, images obtained from Veterans Affairs Canada website, with the exception of the Meritorious Service Medal, which was obtained from Medal Search.Co.UK .