Gunner Frank Byron Ferguson - An Artillery Soldier's Story

Date of Birth: January 4, 1890

Place of Birth: Goldboro, NS

Mother's Name: Laura (Giffin) Ferguson

Father's Name: John Robert Ferguson

Date of Enlistment: October 5, 1915

Regimental Number: 91907

Rank: Gunner

Force: Canadian Expeditionary Force

Name of Unit: 1st Canadian Siege Battery

Location of service: France & Belgium

Occupation at Enlistment: Machinist

Marital Status at Enlistment: Single

Next of Kin: John Robert Ferguson, 87 Willow St., Halifax, NS

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Frank Byron Ferguson was born on January 4, 1890 in Goldboro, Guysborough County, where his father John worked as a blacksmith in a local gold mine.  The family moved to Waverley, outside Halifax, several years after Frank's birth.  John and his wife Laura later relocated to Dartmouth and finally north end Halifax, where they raised a household of five boys and one girl.

From an early age, Frank displayed an adventurous spirit.  He apparently set fire to the family home in Waverley at age five while playing with matches near a straw mattress.  On another occasion, Frank unsuccessfully attempted to use a rock to dismantle a dynamite cap!  This early interest in explosives may explain his later decision to enlist in the artillery corps.

Frank started school at age seven, but left for the world of work at age twelve.  His limited formal education, however, was not a hindrance in later years.  Throughout his life, Frank maintained an intense curiosity about the world around him.  Later diary entries are replete with literary and historical references, indicating that he was an avid reader with an outstanding memory.  He also possessed a critical mind, complemented by an entertaining sense of humour.

Gunner Frank Byron Ferguson

Frank worked at a variety of small jobs in the Halifax area before finding employment at a Hudson automobile garage on Cornwallis Street.  Thus began a lifelong career working with machines.  In 1913, he emigrated to New York, finding employment as a night mechanic with a taxi cab company.  In November of that same year, Frank's sense of adventure led him to respond to an advertisement in a New York paper. A wealthy Californian was seeking a mechanic and co-driver to accompany him on a two-month, trans-continental automobile journey from New York to Los Angeles.  Frank earned the position and completed an eventful, two-month trip, returning to New York afterward. 

Frank's travels, however, were far from over.  The outbreak of war in Europe offered an opportunity to experience another part of the world.  In 1915, Frank Ferguson returned to Halifax, where, on October 6, he enlisted in the 1st Canadian Siege Battery.

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The 1st Canadian Siege Battery was recruited largely from three Canadian cities - St. John, New Brunswick; Montreal, Quebec;  and Coburg, Ontario.  Renamed the No. 1 Canadian Siege Artillery in January 1917, the unit consisted of 6 officers and 210 "other ranks" at the time of its departure from Canada.  The battery was eventually equipped with four 9.2 inch, British manufactured Howitzers and was first deployed on the Western Front in June 1916.  Its members were part of the Canadian Siege Brigade, a force that consisted of thirteen siege batteries and two heavy batteries by war's end. 

Throughout his military service, Frank kept a personal diary of anecdotes and observations on the war.  Its content reveals much about Frank as a person.  At times humorous, at other times reflective, the entries reveal the experience of war from the viewpoint of a "rank and file" artillery gunner.

Frank departed Halifax aboard the SS Saxonia on November 22, 1915, arriving in England on the last day of the month.  The battery immediately began training for deployment at the front.  Frank's December 20, 1915 diary entry reveals his blunt assessment of this experience, as well as his sense of humour:  "Drilled on six inch howitzers this a.m…. So far I can't see anything noble or heroic about this man's war, because all I've done is march until my feet feel like kidneys, or slip and slide around a sloppy, wet field carrying a big iron drill shell that made me so humpbacked I must resemble the fellow who made Notre Dame famous."

Frank's diary entries present a cynical - at times openly critical - perspective on his commanding officers, whom he sarcastically called "the Brains".  One diary entry states:  "It would not surprise me a bit if they put us to work mounting one of the guns for drill purposes.  And let it be known that [the fact] we are quite capable of mounting those damned guns in our sleep would not have the least bearing on the matter."  Frank was equally critical of the irrelevance of training activities to actual battle conditions.  On December 27, 1917, he commented: "Here we've been in this war for over eighteen months, been through all sorts of tight places, overcome all sorts of hardships, and I may add, have altogether been a very efficient outfit - and now we got to learn to salute.  Hot damn!"  These criticisms reflect the sentiments of many "rank and file" members of the Canadian Expeditionary Force.

Frank's unit, redesignated the 97th Siege Battery, departed England on June 14, 1916 and disembarked the following day at Boulogne, France.  The battery's equipment consisted of 33 trucks for hauling gear and ammunition; 4 Holt caterpillar tractors, each pulling a 9.2 inch Howitzer; five motorcycles; and a Daimler sedan for the unit's O. C. (commanding officer).  Three days after its arrival, the unit was deployed at the front.  The men started work on the first of the unit's four gun pits at 3:45 am June 18, firing their first shell before day's end.  Frank's gun crew continued to work all night setting up their Howitzer, cleaning and storing 100 rounds of ammunition in a shallow trench dug the previous day.  The men then filled sandbags and unloaded shells until 2 am the following night.  Frank's diary entry provides an appropriate assessment of their first few days at the front: "Have begun to feel pretty tired."

The work expected of a gun crew was indeed physically demanding.  9.2 inch Howitzer shells weighed almost 136 kilograms (300 pounds), prompting Frank to comment: "It's a braw job lifting them out of the slimy mud onto the trucks.  Thank God for a strong back and a weak mind."  The task of building a gun position was equally demanding.  Frank's September 5, 1916 diary entry states: "Worked all day making a new gun position next to the old one, as the gun had shifted so much it was useless.  Raining like the devil again and the mud is terrible.  In fact, every time I take off my boots I look to see if my toes are beginning to grow webbed like a duck."

Relocating the battery's guns to a new position proved equally challenging.  The first task was to remove the gun from its position, a task made more difficult by its tendency to sink deeper into the mud with use.  According to Frank, "the whole outfit has to man the drag ropes. The caterpillars are useless here as they simply slip in the mud and cannot get traction."  On one occasion, the crew required two days to remove the gun from its position.  In another instance, "the ground was so soft that the guns sank up to the hubs in the mud and [the crew] had to build a corduroy road in order to get them out." 

Setting up a new position proved equally challenging, particularly when the gun pit was located on the site of a  previous battle.  Frank's September 27, 1916 entry describes one such case: "At the new position today digging our gun pit….  This is a terrible place to try and set up a gun, as there are so many bodies everywhere and [we] must keep digging them out of the dirt where they have been since the [battle of] High Wood… in order to get the gun balks down.  There are many hundreds all over this section, as this is where the South African Division was wiped out by machine guns… on 15 September."

An artillery crew moving a gun into position.

When properly constructed, a gun pit was a remarkable feat of human ingenuity.  Frank describes one such position "dug out of a solid bank of chalk" by the 136th Siege Battery: "There is an opening in the front of the pit through which the gun is fired[,] making it almost 'bomb proof' for the troops.  A passageway leading off to one side of the guns goes down into the chalk about thirty feet[,] where it opens out into a nice large dugout for the gun crew, which has tiers of chicken wire beds on either side for the tired soldiers to couchier [sic] in when they are off duty…."

The physical demands placed upon the gun crew were second only to the risks to life and limb.  As strategic military assets, artillery positions were under constant threat of enemy bombardment.  On August 9, 1917, for example, Frank's gun position took a direct hit from a German shell, a fragment of which accidentally ignited shells stored behind the gun.  To make matters worse, gun crews were changing shift as the shell struck.  A total of 16 men were killed and another 12 wounded, 2 of whom subsequently died from their injuries.  One gun was completely destroyed by the explosion.  Its breech - weighing 300 pounds - was located a half mile from the gun position.  A second gun, located thirty yards away, was put out of action by the explosion.

Shrapnel from exploding shells was another constant threat.  On July 31, 1916, Frank described one tragic incident: "Poor old Kelly Lawton got hit in the head with a piece of shrapnel from a shell that landed by the 75 battery, and was killed instantly."  On another occasion, a member of the gun crew was killed by "friendly fire": "A premature from one of the 60 pounders behind us came roaring over our heads.  Scared stiff, I ducked down and saw the empty shell case strike the bank in front of the gun, just as poor old Stewart stepped out of his dugout.  He didn't have a chance to duck…. He died as the gang carried him to the field dressing station."

Gas shells posed another hazard.  Frank's September 6, 1917 entry described one such attack:  "Last night we got another bad shelling with gas, but as we had put two gas blankets in the doorway and two more over the window, and then crawled into our bunks with our respirators on, we felt reasonably safe.  We lay there trying to get some sleep, but the steady whee-plop of the gas shells soon put the idea out of our heads."

9.2 inch Howitzer shells (foreground).

On November 19, 1917, Frank endured his most perilous experience when an enemy shell struck a gun he was repairing:  "I had just started to remove the breech of the gun when there came the worst roar of a shell I've ever heard, and this thing landed right smack behind the gun I was working on.  I can't say I love the earth in this damn place, but I sure took it to my bosom in quick time tonight."

Artillery crew, like soldiers in front line trenches, also endured the inconvenience of rats in their living quarters.  One diary entry describes a humorous encounter with the nasty pests: "It's too big a job writing here at night with the damn rats as big as kittens running all over the place. The other night Reid woke us all up out of a sleep sputtering and swearing.  The grandfather of all the rats on the Western Front stepped in his mouth as he was snoring, and boy, what a commotion he made."

As a person with a natural interest in machines, Frank was fascinated by two of the war's new technologies - the tank and the airplane.  Upon observing his first "land ship", as tanks were initially called, he commented: "My blinking oath, what queer things one sees in this war, and had I been a drinking man, I would have had good cause to sign the pledge after seeing the old buckets of bolts lumbering along the road, snorting and shooting fire from their nostrils like blooming dragons." 

When his schedule permitted, Frank travelled to nearby aerodromes to watch the war's other major technological advance take to the skies.  As a mechanic, he was not impressed with what he saw: "How the powers that be expect men to go over the line in the sort of crates these boys fly is a mystery.  Some of them are already half shot away with holes patched with adhesive tape, and with motors that sound like a rest in a nice pile of junk would do them a lot of good."

9.2 Howitzer in action at Ypres 1917.

The experience of working in a gun pit was a memorable one, to say the least.  "Those old 9.2's sound like a subway train as they came rushing through the air, and when they burst on the ground they sure throw up a big bunch of smoke and dirt."  At times, the crew pushed their equipment to the limit.  On September 16, 1916, for example, Frank noted that his gun crew "made a second record two days ago when we… fired 20 rounds in eleven minutes….  Today we fired 200 rounds into Goudincourt, and after that I'll bet real estate in that burg isn't such a good buy tonight…." In some cases, the equipment exceeded its predicted life span.  On November 3, 1916, Frank recorded that "A sub's gun was taken and sent to base, absolutely worn out having fired over 10,000 rounds.  When we first came out here the idea was that after 500 rounds the guns would be useless, so I guess this one must be through for the duration."

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Frank's gun pit service followed the course of the war experienced by the majority of soldiers in the Canadian Expeditionary Force.  On July 1, 1916, his siege battery joined in the launching of the Somme offensive, a major Allied assault on the German front lines.  The standard infantry attack began with an artillery barrage, which Frank described in these words: "Boy, talk about noise, the ground really shook with the shock of gunfire."  Allied troops advanced so rapidly that the artillery guns were out of range by 10 am, leaving Frank free to wander down to a communication trench to watch the wounded and prisoners returning from the battle: "I fully expected the war to be over this afternoon so great is the number of wounded and prisoners coming in.  All roads are choked with ambulance cases coming out, while the trench is filled to capacity with walking cases…. Thousands of healthy men shattered to the sacrifice of war."

One particular soldier, suffering from "shell shock", caught Frank's attention: "His face reminds me of one who has received a severe scare, wild, hurt, drool dropping from his mouth and running over his tunic, all the time, although speechless, an unceasing moan came from him…. It was about three days later that I saw the same chap on his way up the line with a bunch of reinforcements, and he looked entirely changed; but I don't think he will last long when the whizz-bangs start to land close to him."
On April 8, 1917 - Easter Sunday - Frank's siege battery prepared to support the Canadian Corps' assault on Vimy Ridge: "During the night 1420 shells arrived on lorries and all hands are busy washing them and putting them in nice neat rows.  Had to roll them for a while.  Then went to the guns to fire 500 rounds.  A swell lot of Christians we are." 

The following morning, the Corps launched its attack on the German positions.  Frank recalls the beginning of the battle in these words: "Was awakened this morning before daylight by a terrific bombardment.  What a sight in the dim light as the guns put down a barrage for the boys to go over the top and try for Vimy Ridge.  What a terrible racket as all the guns on the front blended into one continuous roar and the flashes from them made the effect of a great electrical storm."  Later in the day, he proudly noted that "the ridge was taken this morning, and according to the infantry they could have gone clear to Berlin if the artillery could have been brought up to cover them."

In September 1917, Frank received two weeks' leave to Paris.  He summarized his impressions of the French capital in these words: "Everything that has been said about Paris is true. And how!"  Like many other soldiers on precious leave from the front, Frank enjoyed the French cuisine and night life, and took in such sites as "la grande noue" (which he compared to a Coney Island Ferris wheel), Napoleon's tomb at les Invalides, the Louvre and the Gaumont Theatre, "at this time the greatest movie palace in the world".  It must have been difficult to return to the gun pit after such an experience.

In October 1917, Frank's siege battery was relocated to Ypres, Belgium to assist in the Canadian Corps' assault on Passchendaele.  He was not impressed with his new surroundings: "As far as I can see there is not much to be seen except a lot of old bricks and mortar, MUD, New Zealanders and more MUD….  A hole dug here will fill with water almost as it is dug…. It is raining to beat the band - the usual state of weather in the [Ypres] Salient."  As terrible as the conditions were, they were overshadowed by the heavy price the Canadian Corps paid for its victory  in the early days of November: "Since the arrival of this outfit in the Ypres Salient we have had so many killed that the army has given us a cemetery to bury them in, and it looks like the O. C. has been dared to fill it."

Frank enjoyed a second leave to London, England early in November 1917: "To be able to walk about without having to duck at every strange sound and to see the people at the Strand Corner House eating real meals has the effect of making one a confirmed pacifist from this time on."  Frank took some time to visit a comrade's family and Madame Tussaud's famous museum, and enjoyed several of the popular shows and films of the day.  He also took the opportunity to visit the dentist and "have a few teeth plugged…. I may outlive this damn war and then I will be sorry that I didn't look after the old molars."

Despite his mechanical expertise, Frank spent his first six months in one of artillery battery's gun pits.  Finally, in January 1917, his skills at repairing machinery were recognized and he was relocated to the battery's "tiffy shop", where he passed the days repairing gun parts and manufacturing whatever equipment the unit required.  Frank happily recorded the event in his diary: "Yours truly is no longer a common gunner in this man's army, as the 'Brains' have at last decided that I am of more value to the army as a mechanic, and have removed my valuable person from the gun crew to the 'tiffy shop'…. There with forge and anvil and tools of every description, I feel more at home than loading shells into the yawning maw of a howitzer."

World War I artillery repair truck.

On occasion, Frank was sent behind the front lines to the ordnance workshop, where major repairs were completed.  In June 1918, he was permanently transferred to this unit - the 8th Canadian Ordnance Mobile Workshop (Medium).  It was a welcome relief from siege battery duty, as the workshop was too far from the front  lines to be targeted by enemy artillery fire.  Food and living conditions were also much better than the makeshift arrangements at the front. 

As the war drew to an end, Frank was amongst those fortunate enough never to have been wounded in action.  His only hospital stay during the war was a case of influenza in January 1918, for which he spent ten days under the care of the 12th Canadian Field Ambulance.

After the signing of the Armistice on November 11, 1918, Frank remained in France until a case of tonsillitis led to his admission to 14th Canadian Field Ambulance on February 6, 1919.  One week later, he was transferred to the 32nd Stationary Hospital at Wimereux, France.  Upon examination, Frank was "invalided" as unfit for duty due to illness and transferred to England for recuperation.  On February 19, he was admitted to the Graylingwell War Hospital, Chichester, where he spent one week convalescing before being transferred to the Princess Patricia Canadian Red Cross Hospital, Gooden Camp, Bexhill.  Finally, on March 7, Frank was discharged as "fit for duty" and assigned to the CEF General Depot at Witley.

On April 12, Frank was transferred to CMDC Wing, Kimmel Park, in preparation for return to Canada.  On May 3, he boarded HMT Royal George at Liverpool for the journey home.  Gunner
Frank Byron Ferguson was officially discharged from military service at Halifax on May 18, 1919.

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After the war, Frank married Laura Rideout, a native of Twillingate, Newfoundland, and eventually returned to the United States with his young bride.  For years, he owned and operated a repair garage in Brooklyn, New York, while Laura found work in the city as an accountant. Frank became an American citizen in 1929. 

'Gunner' Ferguson never forgot his war experience.  He kept in touch with his siege battery comrades and was active in organizing reunions.  In 1936,  he and Laura travelled to Europe to attend the official unveiling of the Vimy Memorial in northern France.  Frank took the opportunity to revisit the locations where he had been stationed during the war.

In 1950, Frank retired from full-time work and returned with Laura to his birthplace in Goldboro.  For many years, he drove to Houston, Texas each November, spending the winters working in a friend's machine shop until old age made the long journey impossible.  Frank Ferguson died at his Goldboro home on September 10, 1975, the last surviving member of his immediate family.   He was laid to rest in Bayview Cemetery, Goldboro.

Frank's wife Laura survived him by seven years, passing away in 1982 at age 100.  The couple left behind no direct descendants.  For his service overseas, "Gunner" Frank Byron Ferguson was awarded the British War Medal and Victory Medal and the Class "A" War Badge.

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Sources:

1st Canadian Siege Battery.  Guide to Sources Relating to Units of the Canadian Expeditionary Force: Artillery.  Library and Archives Canada.  Available online.

Regimental documents of Gunner Frank Byron Ferguson, No. 91907.  Library and Archives Canada.  RG 150, Accession 1992-93/166, Box 3044 - 47.  Available online. 

Rogers, Peter G., Editor. Gunner Ferguson's Diary - The Diary of Frank Byron Ferguson, 1st Canadian Siege Battery, Canadian Expeditionary Force, 1915-1918.  Hantsport, NS: Lancelot Press, 1985.

BEF & CEF Artillery Units & Weapons

From the early days of the war, Canadian soldiers enlisted in artillery units that supported British, Canadian and other Allied troops on the Western Front.  Soldiers who enlisted during the first year of the war served in artillery units attached to the British Expeditionary Force (BEF).  With the creation of the Canadian Corps in September 1915, each Canadian Infantry Division contained artillery units composed of Canadian officers and soldiers.  As the war progressed, artillery units underwent significant changes in both organization and weaponry.

Before the war, "heavy batteries" fulfilled the role of "general purpose heavy artillery" and were considered the most important artillery units in the British army.  Twenty-six heavy battery units existed at war's outbreak.  In contrast, the lighter-armed "siege batteries" were regarded as "specialized units" to be utilized only in specific situations.  Only eight siege batteries existed prior to the war's outbreak, and none accompanied the British forces that departed for France in August 1914.

Heavy battery in action on the Western Front.

As the BEF engaged German forces along the Western Front, the heavy battery's shortcomings soon became apparent.  Their long-range, heavy guns - mainly the British-manufactured "60 pounder" - proved ineffective in destroying enemy trenches, as well as the barbed wire strewn across the battlefield.  Nor were they effective in silencing rival German artillery batteries.  A dramatic reversal of roles occurred during the first two years of the war.  By mid-1916, the more lightly equipped and mobile "siege battery" replaced the "heavy battery" as the preferred artillery unit, playing an increasingly significant role in the battles fought during the war's last two years.

The siege battery thus became the most common field artillery unit created during the war.  A total of six units were mobilized in August 1914.  By 1916, there were 221 siege batteries in existence.  In comparison, the number of heavy batteries increased at a much more modest pace - from the initial 26 to approximately 130 -over the same time period.  As the war moved into its final two years, the BEF actually disbanded several heavy battery units in order to create additional siege batteries.

CEF siege battery on the Western Front.

An examination of the weaponry used by each battery type helps explain this dramatic shift.  Heavy batteries relied upon two weapons, both of which proved ineffective in combat along the Western Front.  The traditional heavy artillery weapon was the British-manufactured QF 4.7 inch gun.  Initially deployed as naval and coastal defence weapons during the late 1880s and 1890s, the gun was simply mounted on a wheeled carriage to create a long range gun for the British Army.  Its precise bore measurement was 120 mm - approximately 4.7 inches in its British designation.

QF 4.7 inch gun mounted on a carriage.

Ninety-two QF 4.7 inch guns were used by the Royal Garrison Artillery during the first three years of the war, significantly outnumbering their more modern counterpart - the "60 pounder" - in the early battles.  Their primary role was to counter enemy artillery fire, but repeated use in combat soon revealed serious flaws.  The guns became increasingly inaccurate through wear, and their relatively light artillery shells inflicted little damage on well-fortified German trenches.  By 1916, the 4.7 inch was gradually replaced by the more modern "60 pounder" as the latter became available, and the weapon was completely removed from Western Front artillery units by April 1917.

The "60 pounder" BL Mk I field gun became the preferred heavy artillery weapon of the war.  It was first introduced in 1904 after the Boer War demonstrated the need for a heavy, long-range support weapon.  Its 127 mm barrel could fire a 27.3 kg shell - shrapnel or HE (high explosive) - a maximum distance of 9.4 kilometres.  However, the weapon was available only in limited numbers during the first two years of the war.

BL Mk I "60 pounder" in action at Gallipoli, June 1915.

The 60 pounder's gun and cradle could be pulled back onto its "box trail" for better weight distribution during transport, although its 4.47 ton weight made rapid redeployment a challenge.  During the war, revised shell design increased its range to 11.2 kilometres.  By 1916, an improved model - the Mk II -  was developed.  A longer barrel and increased elevation expanded its range to 14.1 kilometres.  This new model, however, did not see service during World War I, but was used extensively throughout the early years of the Second World War.

The long range capability of the heavy battery's weapons proved effective in targeting areas behind the German front lines, disrupting the flow of supplies and reinforcements.  However, the difficulty of dismantling and transporting such large guns made them much less effective on the battlefield.  In addition, the 60 pounder, like all "high velocity" weapons, was most effective in attacking "point targets" that possessed "a pronounced vertical face", such as buildings or high walls.  They were not suited for the task of destroying such "flat" targets as trenches, barbed wire and artillery positions.  These weaknesses explain the gradual but dramatic shift away from heavy batteries toward siege batteries during the first two years of the war.  The siege battery's main weapons - the 6 inch and 9.2 inch howitzer - proved to be much more effective on the battlefield.

At the beginning of the war, the BL 6 inch 30cwt howitzer was the most common weapon deployed by siege batteries.  First introduced in 1896, the "back loaded" (BL) medium howitzer was quickly adopted by the British Army.  The designation "30cwt" refers to the weight of the barrel and breach - 3507 kg.  The gun utilized a recoil system of springs mounted beneath the barrel.  Placed on a simple gun carriage (an axle and two wheels), it had no "traverse" (side to side) capability without physically moving the entire unit.  Maximum barrel elevation was  35 degrees, which limited its range.

BL 6 inch 30cwt howitzer.

The 6 inch howitzer fired a 53.75 kg shell a maximum distance of 4755 meters.  It was initially designed to fulfil two different roles on the battlefield.  As a field gun, it could be mounted on a short, conventional two-wheel carriage.  As a siege gun, where a higher firing angle and "plunging fire" were required, the wheels were removed and the gun carriage was mounted on a heavy wooden platform measuring 3.6 meters square.  Three layers of planks were placed into the ground and bolted together, and the gun was then attached to the platform.  This deployment increased elevation to 70 degrees and range to 6400 meters.

An improved design - the 6 inch 26cwt howitzer - was developed in 1915 to replace the older 30cwt.  While only slightly lighter, the new model featured an improved hydro-pneumatic recoil system, a traverse that allowed the gun to rotate 4 degrees to the left or right, and an elevation range from 0 to 45 degrees.  The 26cwt was capable of firing a 45 kg shrapnel shell a distance of 8.7 kilometers.  Lighter weight, 39 kg shells increased the range to 10.4 km.  The weapon was also capable of firing a pure HE shell, previously used only in heavy battery weapons.

6 inch 26cwt howitzer in action (1918).

The 26cwt howitzer made its debut during the Battle of the Somme, the major British offensive launched on July 1, 1916.  It proved to be one of the few weapons capable of cutting through the enemy's barbed wire and was equally effective in destroying German front line dugouts.  Its weight, however, meant that large teams of horses were required to move the weapon.  Mechanized vehicles - particularly the Holt tractor - were therefore used for transportation whenever possible. 

The 6 inch 26cwt howitzer became the "work horse" of British artillery, firing a total of 22.4 million rounds on the Western Front.  It was used well into World War II before being replaced by more modern guns.  While the 6 inch howitzer was a vital resource on the battlefield, as the war progressed it was gradually replaced by a newer, more effective gun - the BL 9.2 inch howitzer.

Based on the German-designed Skoda 9.45 inch gun used during the Boer War, the BL 9.2 inch howitzer became the main "counter-battery" weapon employed by British forces during the First World War.  British industry began work on a redesigned model in 1910, with the focus on reducing the Skoda's high minimum elevation.  The first British prototype was tested in Wales in 1914 and production commencing the following year.  The prototype, affectionately nicknamed "Mother",  was shipped to France in August 1914 and put into action early the following year.  By the end of 1915, the 9.2 inch howitzer had become the weapon of choice for front line siege batteries.

9.2 inch BL Mk I howitzer in action (1917).

Like its German counterpart, the British model was transported in three parts - body and cradle, bed and barrel - each moved on a separate wagon either by horse or Holt tractor.  Its main disadvantages were connected to this design feature.  First, the 9.2 inch howitzer could not be fired directly from its travelling carriage, unlike similar weapons - the 8 inch howitzer, for example.  The fact that it had to be dismantled and re-assembled increased the time and effort required for relocation.  These weaknesses, however, were tolerated because of its main advantage.  When properly mounted, it proved to be the most accurate of the heavy howitzers used during the war.

The 9.2 inch howitzer also employed a newly designed, hydro-pneumatic recoil system that quickly became the standard for subsequent British artillery guns.  While the initial Mk I model had a relatively limited range of 9186 meters, an improved Mk II model employed a longer barrel and heavier maximum propellant charge, increasing range to 12 800 meters.  The gun's shorter barrel length, adopted to make the weapon more mobile, meant that it rose into the air when fired.  To compensate for this problem, an "earth box" was attached to its front and filled with 9 tons of soil.

By the end of 1916, 230 of the newly designed 9.2 inch howitzers had been delivered to artillery units in France.  The gun gradually replaced the 6 inch howitzer as the preferred siege battery weapon, and was capable of firing an estimated 2 rounds a minute.  The barrel of the Mk I model had a predicted life of 6000 combat rounds, while the improved Mk II model fired a higher velocity shell that reduced its lifespan to 3500 rounds.  Both guns fired HE (high explosive) shells filled with Amatol, Trotyl (TNT) or Lyddite, weighing 290 pounds (132 kg) apiece.  During the last year of the war, the 9.2 was also used to fire mustard gas shells, although only a small quantity - 7000 shells - was produced. 

*****

Sources:

Artillery of the Great War.  Landships.  Available online.

BL 9.2 inch Howitzer.  Wikipedia: The Free Encyclopedia.  Available online.

Gudmundson, Bruce.  The British Army on the Western Front 1916.  Oxford, England: Osprey Publishing (2005).

QF 4.7 inch Gun Mk I - IV.  Wikipedia: The Free Encyclopedia.  Available online.